Servant Leadership model based on the Views of Imam Khomeini (RA)

Document Type : scientific

Author

UB assistant Professor

Abstract

Serving and serve are among the most highly valued notions introduced in religious texts and presented in Muslim religious leader's sayings and actualized by their conducts (Sire). Although vast discussions have been put forward by managers in our country on the related topics, but yet, this notion and its examples have not been revealed through a scientific and comprehensive model, where it is for four decades that servant leadership modelhas proposed and performed in some western countries. In order to fill this gap and with emulating Imam Khomeini as a worthy model, the present study aimed to review his thoughts about servant leadership. This research paper tried to find answers for these threefold questions based on Imam Khomeini's approach; what is servant leadership?, why is it necessary and how is it possible? Then, it suggested a comprehensive model.
In this paper, which is considered as a fundamental research with an exploratory-descriptive methodology, to study servant leadership from the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini content analysis method was used. For gathering and determination of related notions for servant leadership, first; theoretical foundations and different views of western scholars through later years were reviewed and hence, after studying 22 volumes collection of "Imam Khomeini's Sahifeh"related contents were derived and for each one a code was attached to and also their frequency were enumerated.
In order to design a comprehensive model for servant leadership from the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini Nvivo 8 (software for qualitative research method) was used for analyzing the data. This model includes 3 dominant notions, 15 popular notions, 35 organizing notions, 110 major notions and 22 minor notions. Their interrelationships have been shown through presented model. Finally, some suggestions have made for future studies.

Keywords


اسدی‌فرد، رؤیا (1387)، مدل شایستگی مدیران دولتی ایران بر اساس صحیفه امام: رویکرد استراتژی تئوری داده بنیاد، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، تهران: دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
حضرتی، محمود (1388)، بررسی تأثیر رهبری خدمتگزار بر اعتماد سازمانی و توانمندسازی در سازمان‌های دولتی، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، تهران: دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران.
ذاکری، علی‌اکبر (1386)، اخلاق مسئولان نظام اسلامی، امام خمینی(ره) و مفاهیم اخلاقی (5)، تهران: عروج.
رضوان‌طلب، محمدرضا و محمدعلی برزنونی (1384)، «مدیریت خدمت‌مدار»، فصلنامه مصباح، س14، ش60، ص127_139.
شفیعی، عباس (1389)، سبک رهبری امام خمینی(ره)، قم: پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
فروتنی، زهرا (1385)، بررسی و مقایسه الگوی تصمیم‌گیری امام خمینی(ره) با برخی از مدل‌های تصمیم‌گیری استراتژیک در مدیریت نوین و طراحی الگو از تصمیم‌گیری ایشان، پایان‌نامه دکتری، تهران: دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران.
موسوی (امام خمینی)، روح‌الله (1385)، صحیفه امام مجموعه آثار امام خمینی (بیانات، پیام‌ها، مصاحبه‌ها، احکام، اجازات شرعی و نامه‌ها)، 22 جلد، چ4، تهران: مؤسسه تنظیم و نشر آثار امام خمینی(ره).
نوروزی فرانی، محمدتقی (1386)، تبیین الگوی اثربخشی سازمان‌های دولتی ایران براساس نقش رهبری خدمتگزار، پایان‌نامه دکتری، تهران: دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
 Attride-Stirling, J. (2001), Thematic Networks: An Analytic Tool for Qualitative Research, Qualitative Research 1, pp.385-405.
Barbuto, J. E., Jr., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006), Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership, Group & Organization Management, 31(3), 300-326.
Beggs, J. (2002), Growth of Servant-Leadership in Educational Institutions and Academia Research is on the Rise, Available from http://greenleaf.org.
Bennett, J. L. (2001), Trainers as leaders of learning, Training & Development, 55(3), 42-45.
Braye, H. R. (2002), "Servant-Leadership Leading in Today's Military", Focus on Leadership: Servant Leadership for the Twenty-First Century, L. C. Spears & M. Lawrence (eds.) (pp.295-303), New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Buchen, I. H. (1998), "Servant-Leadership: A Model for Future Faculty and Future Institutions", Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(1), 125–134.
Covey, S. R. (1991), Principle-Centered Leadership, New York: Summit Books.
De Pree, M. (1992), Leadership jazz, New York: Dell.
Dennis, R. S. (2004), Servant Leadership Theory: Development of the Servant Leadership Assessment Instrument, Dissertation Abstracts International (UMI No. 3133544).
Drury, S. L. (2004), Servant Leadership and Organizational Commitment: Empirical Findings and Workplace Implications, In Regent University School of Leadership Studies (ed.), Proceedings from the 2004 Servant Leadership Research Roundtable. Virginia Beach, VA: Regent University School of Leadership Studies.
Farling, M. L.; A. G. Stone & B. E. Winston (1999), "Servant Leadership: Setting the Stage for Empirical Research", Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(1/2):49-72.
Graham, J. W. (1991), "Servant Leadership: Inspirational and Moral", The Leadership Quarterly, 2(2), 108-119.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977), Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness, New York: Paulist Press.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1996), On Becoming a Servant-Leader: The Private Writings of Robert K. Greenleaf. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1998), Servant: Retrospect and Prospect, In L. C. Spears (Ed.), The Power of Servant Leadership: Essays, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler (pp.17-59).
Herbst, J. D. (2003), "Organizational Servant Leadership and its Relationship to Secondary School Effectiveness", Dissertation Abstracts International (UMI No. 3110574).
Horsman, J. H. (2001), Perspectives of Servant-Leadership and Spirit in Organizations, Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(03): 1119 (UMI No. 3010149).
Kouzes, J. M., & B. Z. Posner (1990), "The Credibility Factor: What Followers Expect from their Leaders", Management Review, 79(1), 29-34.
Laub, J. A. (1999), Assessing The Servant Organization: Development Of The Servant Organizational Leadership Assessment (Sola) Instrument, Doctoral Dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, (UMI No. 9921922).
Laub, J. A. (2003), From Paternalism to the Servant Organization, In Regent University School of Leadership Studies (Ed.), Proceedings from the 2003 Servant Leadership Research Roundtable, Virginia Beach, VA: Regent University School of Leadership Studies.
Liden, R. C.; S. J. Wayne; H. Zhao & D. Henderson (2005), Development of a Multidimensional Measure of Servant Leadership, Manuscript Submitted for Publication.
Maxwell, J. C. (ed.) (2002), The Maxwell Leadership Bible, Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Bibles.
Parolini, J. L. (2004), Effective Servant Leadership Context: A Model Incorporating Servant Leadership and the Competing Values Framework, Proceedings from the 2004 Servant Leadership Research Roundtable, Virginia Beach, VA: Regent University School of Leadership Studies.
Patterson, K. A. (2003), Servant Leadership: A Theoretical Model, Dissertation Abstracts International (UMI No. 3082719).
Ruschman, N. L. (2001), Servant-Leadership and the Best Companies to Work for in America, In M. Lawrence (Ed.), Focus on Leadership: Servant Leadership for the Twenty-First Century (pp.123-139), New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Russell, R. F. (2001), "The Role of Values in Servant Leadership", Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22(2), 76-89.
Russell, R. F., & A. G. Stone (2002), "A Review Of Servant Leadership Attributes: Developing A Practical Model", Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 23(3), 145-157.
Sendjaya, S. & J. C. Sarros (2002), "Servant Leadership: Its Origin, Development, and Application in Organizations", Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(2):57-65.
Sendjaya, S. (2003), Development and Validation of Servant Leadership Behavior Scale, Proceedings from the 2003 Servant Leadership Research Roundtable, Virginia Beach, VA: Regent University School of Leadership Studies.
Sendjaya, S., & J. C. Sarros (2002), "Servant Leadership: Its Origin, Development, And Application in Organizations", Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(2), 57-65.
Senge, P. M. (1995), Robert Greenleaf's Legacy: A New Foundation for Twenty-First Century Institutions, L. C. Spears (Ed.), Reflections on Leadership: How Robert K. Greenleaf's Theory of Servant-Leadership Influenced Today's Top Management Thinkers, New York: John Wiley & Sons (pp.217-240).
Spears, L. C. (1996), "Reflections on Robert K. Greenleaf and Servant-Leadership", Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 17(7),33-35.
Spears, L. C. (ed.) (1998), The Power of Servant-Leadership: Essays by Robert Greenleaf, San Francisco: Berrett Koehler.
Spears, L. C. (ed.) (2004), Practicing Servant Leadership: Succeeding Through Trust, Bravery and Frgiveness, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Spears, L. C. (ed.) (1998), Insights on Leadership: Service, Stewardship, Spirit, and Servant-Leadership, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Spencer, L. J. (2007), The New Frontier of Servant Leadership, Proceedings from the 2005 Servant Leadership Research Roundtable, Virginia Beach, VA: Regent University School of Leadership Studies.
Taylor, T. A. (2002), Examination of Leadership Practices of Principals Identified as Servant Leaders, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Winston, B. E. (2003), Extending Patterson's Servant Leadership Model: Explaining How Leaders and Followers Interact in a Circular Model, Proceedings from the 2003 Servant Leadership Research Roundtable, Virginia Beach, VA: Regent University School of Leadership Studies.
Wong, P. T. P. & D. Page (2003), An Opponent-Process Model and the Revised Servant Leadership Profile, Proceedings from the 2003 Servant Leadership Research Roundtable, Virginia Beach, VA: Regent University School of Leadership Studies.