The Impact of Self-Transcendence on the Well-Being of Isfahan Cemetery Employees: The Mediating Role of Workplace Spirituality and the Moderating Role of Spiritual Leadership

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Public Management, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

2 M.A. in Public Management, Payame Noor University, Shahin Shahr, Iran

Abstract

Extended Abstract
 
Introduction and Objectives:This study investigates the impact of self-transcendence on the well-being of Isfahan cemetery employees, considering the mediating role of workplace spirituality and the moderating role of spiritual leadership. Given the unique occupational conditions of cemetery employees, who face significant psychological and emotional pressures, the spiritual dimension and leadership are particularly critical in such work environments. The primary aim of this research is to analyze the complex relationships among these variables and examine whether workplace spirituality and spiritual leadership can influence the relationship between self-transcendence and employee well-being. The study seeks to evaluate the positive or negative effects of these dimensions on enhancing the welfare and well-being of cemetery staff.
Method: This research is applied in purpose and descriptive-correlational in methodology. The statistical population included all 169 employees of Isfahan Cemetery, from which 113 participants were selected using Morgan’s table (1970). Data were collected via four questionnaires: an 18-item Self-Transcendence Questionnaire (Lawson et al., 2005; Cronbach’s α = 0.75), an 18-item Employee Well-Being Questionnaire (Zhang et al., 2015; Cronbach’s α = 0.96), a 20-item Workplace Spirituality Questionnaire (Milliman et al., 2003; Cronbach’s α = 0.94), and a 25-item Spiritual Leadership Questionnaire (Fry & Matherly, 2006; Cronbach’s α = 0.94). Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 and SMART PLS 3, including descriptive statistics for demographic analysis and inferential statistics for hypothesis testing.
Results: The findings indicate that the mediating role of workplace spirituality in the relationship between self-transcendence and employee well-being is not significant (β = 0.174, t = 0.442, p > 0.05). Thus, workplace spirituality does not mediate the effect of self-transcendence on well-being. Conversely, spiritual leadership significantly moderates this relationship (β = -0.453, t = 2.180, p < 0.05), with a negative path coefficient, suggesting that spiritual leadership can weaken the impact of self-transcendence on employee well-being under certain conditions. Direct effects analysis shows that self-transcendence does not have a significant direct effect on employee well-being (t = 1.381, p = 0.168). However, self-transcendence has a significant positive effect on workplace spirituality (t = 19.882, p < 0.05), while workplace spirituality does not significantly influence employee well-being (t = 0.447, p = 0.665).
Discussion and Conclusion: The results suggest that self-transcendence does not significantly affect employee well-being directly or indirectly through workplace spirituality. This finding can be explained by the high-stress and emotionally demanding context of cemetery work, where environmental and supportive factors may have a stronger impact than personal traits such as self-transcendence. Employees in such settings may rely more on emotional and psychological support from colleagues and the organization. While workplace spirituality can enhance meaning and purpose, its impact may be limited under high-stress conditions. Importantly, spiritual leadership as a moderating factor can enhance or diminish the effect of self-transcendence on well-being. By fostering a value-driven, empathetic, and meaningful work environment, spiritual leadership can support employees in finding deeper purpose and improving their well-being. However, excessive or pressured leadership expectations may weaken this effect. Overall, the study highlights that in challenging work environments like cemeteries, well-being depends more on environmental, supportive, and leadership factors than on individual traits alone. Comprehensive support programs integrated with appropriate spiritual leadership are essential for promoting both psychological well-being and personal growth.

Keywords

References

احدی شعار، سیدمجید؛ ایرانی، حمیدرضا؛ گل‌وردی، مهدی و سیدمحمدباقر جعفری. (1393). «بررسی رابطۀ معنویت در محیط کار از دیدگاه میلیمن و درگیر شدن در کار (مورد مطالعه: سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان قم)». مجله علمی مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی. 12(1): 41-61.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jomc.2014.50182
افسری، زهرا و فاطمه موحدنیا. (1402). «بررسی رابطۀ معنویت در محیط کار و عدالت سازمانی با سلامت روان با توجه به نقش میانجی اشتیاق شغلی کارکنان درسازمان بهزیستی استان گلستان». فصلنامه کنکاش مدیریت و حسابداری، 3(3): 113-133.
باباجانی بروجنی، لاله؛ رضاپور، یاسر و شکوفه متقی. (1399). «معنویت و تعالی خود در حرفه مشاوره: یک تحلیل کیفی». فرهنگ مشاوره و روان درمانی، 11(44): 79-106.
https://doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2020.50952.2349
پهلوان افشاری، لیلا؛ ساعی ارسی، اکبر و پریسا ایران‌نژاد. (1395). «رابطه رهبری معنوی مدیران و سرمایه روان‌شناختی کارکنان در اداره کل ورزش و جوانان استان تهران». پژوهش‌های کاربردی در علوم رفتاری، 30(8): 47-70.
توانگرمروستی، مصطفی و مهدیه معتمدی. (1403). «تأثیر معنویت در محیط کار بر انگیزه خدمت عمومی با نقش میانجی بهزیستی کارکنان». تهران: هشتمین همایش مطالعات اقتصادی و مدیریت در جهان اسلام.
جعفری، سیدسجاد؛ نعمتی، مهدی و علی اندیده. (۱۴۰۳). «نقش معنویت دینی و معنویت مدرن در معنا بخشی زندگی انسان». اندیشه نوین دینی، ۲۰(۷۶): 140-121.
دلفان بیرانوند، آرزو و احمد بیات. (1403). «پیش‌بینی بهزیستی روان‌شناختی براساس ارزش‌های بنیادی و خودفراروی: نقش واسطه‌ای نگرش به زمان». مجله اصول بهداشت روانی، 26(2): 96-105.
https://doi.org/10.22038/JFMH.2023.56393.2893
رحیمی، مهناز؛ حسنی، محمد و حسن قلاوندی. (1403). «اثر تقاضای شغلی، ابهام نقش، فرا شایستگی ادراک‌‌شده و حمایت سازمانی بر رفاه کارکنان». مجله علمی مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، 22(3): 211-227.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jomc.2024.369963.1008625
شعبانی، جعفر. (۱۳۹۴). هوش معنوی. تهران: سوالان.
فرهادی، مهران؛ علیزاده بوکانی، گلاویژ و رسول کردنوقابی. (۱۳۹۶). «بررسی ساختار عاملی مقیاس خودتعالی بزرگسالان (ASTI) در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان». فصلنامه اندازه‌گیری تربیتی، ۸(۲۸): ۲۴۱-۲۵۵.
https://doi.org/10.22054/jem.2017.20160.1496
کعب عمیر، نوری؛ شبندی، فاطمه و سیداسماعیل هاشمی شیخ شبانی. (1395). «بررسی کفایت شاخص‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس بهزیستی کارکن». مشاوره شغلی و سازمانی، 8(27): 9-29.
محسنین، شهریار و محمدرحیم اسفیدانی. (1393). مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری با رویکرد حداقل مربعات جزئی (PLS). انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
مختاری، فائزه؛ دادش کریمی، یحیی و غلامرضا رحیمی. (1403). «نقش تعالی سرمایه انسانی در بهبود عملکرد کارکنان: مطالعه موردی درقوه قضائیه». نشریه پژوهش و نوآوری در تربیت و توسعه، 4(4): 318-330.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jtrd.2024.392193.1008745
موسوی، ستاره. (1403). «بررسی رابطه بین ابعاد رهبری معنوی و انگیزش شغلی از دید کارکنان آموزش‌وپرورش شهرکرد». مدیریت نوآوری و راهبردهای عملیاتی، 4(2): 184-197.
https://doi: 10.22105/imos.2021.288916.1103
مؤیدی، مجید. (1403). «رهبری معنوی و دلبستگی شغلی: تحلیل نقش میانجی نشاط سازمانی (مورد مطالعه: کارکنان دانشگاه لرستان)». پژوهش‌های نوین در مطالعات علوم انسانی اسلامی، 3(6): 105-119.
https://doi.org/10.22034/api.2025.720097
نورمحمدی، غلامرضا. (1400). نقش معنویت دینی بر سلامت جسمی. قرآن و طب (QURAN AND MEDICINE)، 6(4): 62-71.
References
Abdelgalil, A. (2019). Comparative Study Of Self-Transcendence, Spiritual Well-Being, Optimism And Meaning In Life Among Retirees And Post-Retirement Employees. Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Arts.
https://doi: 10.21608/jartf.2019.122686.
Afsari, Z., & Movahednia, F. (2023). Investigating the relationship between workplace spirituality and organizational justice with mental health considering the mediating role of employee work engagement in the Welfare Organization of Golestan Province. Management and Accounting Inquiry Quarterly, 10, 113–133. [In Persian].
Ahadi Shoar, S. M., Irani, H. R., Golvardi, M., & Jafari, S. M. B. (2014). The relationship between workplace spirituality based on Milliman’s perspective and work engagement (Case study: Agricultural Jihad Organization of Qom Province). Organizational Culture Management, 12(1), 41–61. [In Persian].
https://doi.org/10.22059/jomc.2014.50182
Ali, M., Usman, M., Pham, N. T., Agyemang-Mintah, P., and Akhtar, N. (2020). Being ignored at work: understanding how and when spiritual leadership curbs workplace ostracism in the hospitality industry. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 91:102696.
https://doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102696
Babajani Boroujeni, L., Rezapour, Y., & Motaghi, Sh. (2020). Spirituality and self-transcendence in the counseling profession: A qualitative analysis. Culture of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 11(44), 79–106. [In Persian].
https://doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2020.50952.2349
Beykzad, J., Jafari, S., & Asherlus, V. (2010). Spiritual leadership. Bimonthly Human Resources, 2(10), 28.
https://doi.org/10.1234/567890
Bhaskar, A. U., and Mishra, B. (2019). Putting workplace spirituality in context: examining its role in enhancing career satisfaction and reducing turnover intentions with perceived organizational support as an antecedent. Personnel Review, 48(8), 1848–1865.
https://doi: 10.1108/PR-03-2018-0085.
Binu Raj, A., Ambreesh, P., Tripathi, N. N., & Ambreesh Kumar, A. (2023). Workplace spirituality and job satisfaction among teachers: Influence of well-being and spiritual leadership. International Journal of Educational Management, 37(6/7), 1303-1322.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-10-2022-0575
Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Aldine Publishing.
https://www.scirp.org/reference/ReferencesPapers?ReferenceID=1919363
Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (CIPD) (2007), Rewarding Work – The Vital Role of Line Managers, change agenda, CIPD, London.
https://www.cipd.org/uk/knowledge/reports/rewarding-work-line-managers/
​Chen, C.-Y., & Li, C.-I. (2013). Assessing the spiritual leadership effectiveness: The contribution of follower’s self-concept and preliminary tests for moderation of culture and managerial position. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 240–255.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.004
Chen, C. Y., & Yang, C. F. (2012). The impact of spiritual leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: A multi-sample analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 107-114.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0965-5
Chicco, Davide; Warrens, Matthijs J.; Jurman, Giuseppe (2021). “The coefficient of determination R-squared is more informative than SMAPE, MAE, MAPE, MSE and RMSE in regression analysis evaluation. PeerJ Computer Science.  
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.623
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295–336.
Chirico, F., Acquadro Maran, D., & Sharma, M. (2023). Editorial: Spirituality in the workplace. Front. Psychol. 14:1162716.
https://doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1162716
Coward, D. D. (1996). Self-transcendence and correlates in a healthy population. Nursing Research, 45(2), 116–121.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199603000-00011
Delfan Beyranvand, A., & Bayat, A. (2024). Predicting psychological well-being based on basic values and self-transcendence: The mediating role of time perspective. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 26(2), 96–105. [In Persian].
https://doi.org/10.22038/JFMH.2023.56393.2893
Del-Pino-Casado, R., Espinosa-Medina, A., López-Martínez, C., & Orgeta, V. (2019). Sense of coherence, burden, and mental health in caregiving: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 242, 14–21.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.002
Derdaele, E., Toussaint, L., Thauvoye, E., & Dezutter, J. (2019). Forgiveness and late life functioning: The mediating role of finding ego-integrity. Aging and Mental Health, 23(2), 238–245.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1399346
Diener, E., Thapa, S., & Tay, L. (2020). Positive emotions at work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 451–477.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-045648
Edassery, D., & Kuttierath, S. (1998). Spirituality in the secular sense. European Journal of Palliative Care, 5(5), 165–167.​
https://palliumindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Textbook_Twycross-2008-Introducing-palliative-care.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Erikson, E. H., & Erikson, J. M. (1997). The life cycle completed: Extended version. W. W. Norton.
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Life-Cycle-Completed-Review/dp/0393317722
Ertemsir E, Bal Y, Demirhan A and Kökalan Ö (2024) The moderating role of workplace spirituality on the effect of organizational justice on job satisfaction. Front Psychol. 15:1360913.
https://doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1360913
Farhadi, M., Alizadeh Boukani, G., & Kardanoghabi, R. (2017). Examining the factor structure of the Adult Self-Transcendence Inventory (ASTI) among students of Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan. Educational Measurement Quarterly, 8(28), 241–255. [In Persian].
https://doi.org/10.22054/jem.2017.20160.1496
Flotman A-P (2021) Work as Meaningful and Menacing Phenomenon for South African Middle Managers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Self-Transcendence in Cultivating Meaning and Wellbeing. Front Psychol. 12:650060.
https://doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.650060
Fornell, C. , & Larcker , D. F. ( 1981 ) . Evaluating Structural Equation Mmodels with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693-727.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001
Fry, L. W. & Matherly, L. L. (2006). Spiritual leadership as an integrating paradigm for positive leadership development. Paper presented at the Gallup International Leadership Summit, Washington, D.C.  
http://www.iispiritualleadership.com/index.htm.
Gottlieb, J. A. K. (2024). Vulnerability, self-transcendence, and the professional well-being of new graduate registered nurses (Doctoral dissertation, Sigma Repository).
https://www.sigmarepository.org/dissertations/294
​Hunsaker, W. D., & Ding, W. (2022). Workplace spirituality and innovative work behavior: The role of employee flourishing and workplace satisfaction. Employee Relations, 44(6), 1355–1371.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-01-2021-0032​
Ilyas, Z., Shahed, S., & Hussain, S. (2020). An impact of perceived social support on old age well-being mediated by spirituality, self-esteem and ego integrity. Journal of Religion and Health, 59, 2715–2732.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00969-6
Jafari, S. S., Nemat, M., & Andideh, A. (2024). The role of religious spirituality and modern spirituality in giving meaning to human life. Andisheh Noein Dini, 20(76), 121-140. [In Persian].
http://andishe.maaref.ac.ir/article-1-2637-fa.html
James, J. B., & Zarrett, N. (2005). Ego integrity in the lives of older women: A follow-up of mothers from the Sears, Maccoby, and Levin (1951) patterns of child rearing study. Journal of Adult Development, 12(4), 155–167.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-005-7084-y
Jiang, J., Ye, Z., Liu, J., Shah, W. U. H., & Shafait, Z. (2023). From “doing alone” to “working together”: Research on the influence of spiritual leadership on employee morale. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 992910.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.992910.
Kaab Amir, N., Shabandi, F., & Hashemi Sheikh Shabani, S. (2016). Examining the adequacy of the psychometric properties of the Employee Well-being Scale. Career and Organizational Counseling, 8(27), 9–29. [In Persian].
Kaufman, S. B. (2023). Self-actualizing people in the 21st century: Integration with contemporary theory and research on personality and well-being. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 63(1), 51–83.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167818809187
Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121-140.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2787075
Klaus, L & Fernando, M. (2016). Enacting spiritual leadership in business through ego-transcendence. Leadership & Or-ganization Development Journal, 37, 71-92. 10.1108/LODJ-04-2014-0078.
Koul, S. (2024). Does workplace spirituality enhance employee well-being? The mediating role of workplace happiness. Global Business and Organizational Excellence.
https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22278
Kriger, M., & Seng, Y. (2005). Leadership with inner meaning: A contingency theory of leadership based on the worldviews of five religions. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 771–806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.007​
Kuhn, N., Lopes, L. F. D., Silva, W. V. D., da Silva, L. S. C. V., & Veiga, C. P. D. (2025). Spirituality and workplace performance: a theoretical insight. Social Responsibility Journal, 21(2), 351-377.
https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-10-2023-0570
Lazar, A. (2010). Spirituality and job satisfaction among female Jewish Israeli hospital nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(2), 334–344.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05172.x&#8203;:contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
Lamers, S., Westerhof, G., Korte, J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2011). The relation of ego-integrity to mental health in older adults with moderate depressive symptoms. Gerontologist, 51(Suppl. 2), 33.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-021-00610-0
​Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., & Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence: Conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60(2), 127–143.
https://doi.org/10.2190/XRXM-FYRA-7U0X-GRC0​
Mabazo, M.H., & Van der Walt, F. (2024). Nurturing perseverance: The influence of workplace spirituality. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, 50(0), a2096.
https://doi.org/ 10.4102/sajip.v50i0.2096
Martela, F. (2025). Well-Being as Having, Loving, Doing, and Being: An Integrative Organizing Framework for Employee Well-Being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 46(1), 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2862
Maslow, A. H. (1969). The farther reaches of human nature. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 1(1), 1–9.
Masui, Y., Gondo, Y., Nakagawa, T., et al. (2016). Buffering effects of gerotranscendence on mental health when experiencing physical function decline. Gerontologist, 56(Suppl_3), 88.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw162.345
​Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426–447.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810310484172
Moaidi, M. (2024). Spiritual leadership and job attachment: Analyzing the mediating role of organizational vitality (A case study of staff at Lorestan University). New Research in Islamic Human Studies, 3(6), 105–119. [In Persian].
https://doi.org/10.22034/api.2025.720097
Moe, A., Hellzen, O., Ekker, K., & Enmarker, I. (2013). Inner strength in relation to perceived physical and mental health among the oldest old people with chronic illness. Aging and Mental Health, 17(2), 189–196.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.717257
Mohammed, S.M. and Elashram, R.E. (2022). The impact of spiritual leadership on workplace spirituality in the light the COVID-19 pandemic in the governmental health sector. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 43(4), 623-637.
https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2021-0515
Mohseni, S., & Esfidani, M. R. (2014). Structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS) approach. Tehran University Press. [In Persian].
Mokhtari, F., Dadash Karimi, Y., & Rahimi, G. (2024). The role of human capital excellence in improving employee performance: A case study in the judiciary. Journal of Research and Innovation in Education and Development, 4(4), 318–330. [In Persian].
https://doi.org/10.22059/jtrd.2024.392193.1008745
Morgan, D. L., & Krejcie, R. V. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Mousavi, S. (2024). Examining the relationship between dimensions of spiritual leadership and job motivation from the perspective of education staff in Shahrekord. Innovation Management and Operational Strategies, 4(2), 184–197. [In Persian].
https://doi:10.22105/imos.2021.288916.1103
Nakhaii Sh, Ahi Q, Qanifar MH, Shahabizadeh F, Tabatabaii T. (2023). The Mediating Role of Selftranscendence in the Relationship Between Psychological Vulnerability and Work-related Well-being of Nurses. Health Spiritual Med Ethics. 10(1), 45-54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/hsmej.10.1.436.1
Naseer, S., Syed, F., Nauman, S., Fatima, T., Jameel, I. and Riaz, N. (2020). Understanding how leaders’ humility promotes followers’ emotions and ethical behaviors: workplace spirituality as a mediator. The Journal of Positive Psychology, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 407-419.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1615103​
Noormohammadi, G. (2021). The role of religious spirituality on physical health. Quran and Medicine, 6(4), 62-71. [In Persian].
Nygren, B., Aléx, L., Jonsén, E., Gustafson, Y., Norberg, A., & Lundman, B. (2005). Resilience, sense of coherence, purpose in life and self-transcendence in relation to perceived physical and mental health among the oldest old. Aging and Mental Health, 9(4), 354–362.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1360500114415
Pahlevan Afshari, L., Saei Arsi, A., & Irannejad, P. (2016). The relationship between managers’ spiritual leadership and employees’ psychological capital in the General Office of Sport and Youth in Tehran Province. Applied Research in Behavioral Sciences, 30(8), 47–70. [In Persian].  
Pawar, B.S. (2016). Workplace spirituality and employee well-being: an empirical examination. Employee Relations, Vol. 38 No. 6, pp. 975-994.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-11-2015-0215
Rahimi, M., Hasani, M., & Ghalavandi, H. (2024). The effect of job demands, role ambiguity, perceived overqualification, and organizational support on employee well-being. Organizational Culture Management Journal, 22(3), 211–227. [In Persian].
https://doi.org/10.22059/jomc.2024.369963.1008625
Reed, P.G., Haugan, G. (2021). Self-Transcendence: A Salutogenic Process for Well-Being. In: Haugan, G., Eriksson, M. (eds) Health Promotion in Health Care – Vital Theories and Research. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63135-2_9
Reischer, H. N., Cowan, H. R., Johnson, K. M., & Mittal, V. A. (2025). Self-transcendence as a risk and resilience factor in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 19(1), e13638.
https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.13638
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Samul, J., & Wangmo, W. (2021). Spiritual Dimensions in Leadership: A Comparative Analysis of Polish and Bhutanese Managers. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 847–856.
https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S323699
Santos, R. S., Lousã, E. P., Sá, M. M., & Cordeiro, J. A. (2023). First, Be a Good Citizen: Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, Well-Being at Work and the Moderating Role of Leadership Styles. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 13(10), 811.
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13100811
Schnitker, S., King, P. E., & Houltberg, B. (2019). Religion, spirituality, and thriving: Transcendent narrative, virtue, and telos. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(2), 276-290.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12443
Shabani, J. (2015). Spiritual intelligence. Tehran: Savalan. [In Persian].
Sode, R., Chenji, K. (2024). The mediating role of workplace spirituality: Exploring the relationship between, self-transcendence, spiritual transcendence, and innovative work behavior. Acta Psychol, May;245:104228. Epub 2024 Mar 15. PMID: 38492354.
https://doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104228
Stone, M., & Geisser, F. (1975). Cross validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 36(2), 111-147.
Subhani, M., and Lemmon, G., and Kuljanin, G. (2024). Self-Transcendence:  Exploring a New Skill for Sustaining Mental Well-Being at Work .Social Science Research Network, 1-27.
Tavangarmorovati, M., & Moattamedi, M. (2024). The impact of workplace spirituality on public service motivation: The mediating role of employee well-being. In The 8th Conference on Economic and Management Studies in the Islamic World, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian].  
Tenenhaus, M., Amato, S., & Esposito Vinzi, V. (2004). A Global Goodness-of-Fit Index for PLS Structural Equation Modeling, Proceedings of the XLII SIS Scientific Meeting. Padova: CLEUP, 739-742.
Torges, C. M., Stewart, A. J., & Duncan, L. E. (2009). Appreciating life’s complexities: Assessing narrative ego integrity in late midlife. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(1), 66–74.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.003
Tornstam, L. (1994). Gerotranscendence: A theoretical and empirical exploration. In L. E. Thomas & S. A. Eisenhandler (Eds.), Aging and the religious dimension (pp. 203–225). Greenwood Publishing Group.
https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3847940
Wetzels, M., Odekkerken-Schroder, G. & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration, MIS Quarterly, 33(1): 177.
https://doi.10.2307/20650284
Weziak-Bialowolska, D., Bialowolski, P., Sacco, P.L., VanderWeele, T.J., McNeely, E. (2020). Well-Being in Life and Well-Being at Work: Which Comes First? Evidence From a Longitudinal Study. Front. Public Health, 8, 103,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00103
​Widodo, S. (2024). To what extent does spirituality in the workplace affect meaningfulness in work? Self-transcendence and person-organization fit as mediator. International Journal of Business and Society, 25(1), 315–329.
https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.6917.2024​
Widodo, S & Suryosukmono, G. (2021). Spiritual leadership, workplace spirituality and their effects on meaningful work: Self-transcendence as mediator role. Management Science Letters , 11(7), 2115-2126,
https://doi.10.5267/j.msl.2021.2.016
Wong, P. T. P. (2016). Self-transcendence: A paradoxical way to become your best. International Journal of Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6(1), 311–322.
Woollacott, M., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2023). Spiritual awakening and transformation in scientists and academics. Explore, 19(3), 319-329.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2022.08.016
Wu, X., and Xiang, Y. (2021). Review and Prospect of spiritual leadership in organizations. J. Xinjiang Univ. Financ. Econ. 2, 42–54.
https://doi.10.16713/j.cnki.65-1269/c.2021.02.005
Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. H. (2015). Employee well-being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5), 621–644.
https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1990

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics